saudade

ウィキペディアより

サウダージ（Saudade、サウダーヂあるいはサウダーデとも） は、郷愁、憧憬、思慕、切なさ、などの意味合いを持つ、ポルトガル語およびガリシア語の語彙。ポルトガル語、およびそれと極めて近い関係にあるガリシア語に独特の単語とされ、他の言語では一つの単語で言い表しづらい複雑なニュアンスを持つ。

There are other words in other languages which have a similar meaning. Saudade relates to the Italian malinconia, in which one feels an interior satisfaction because it is impossible to find something, but one never stops thinking that one is searching for it. It is an incompleteness that one unconsciously wants to never completely resolve. Saudade relates to the French regret, in which one feels a hard sentiment, meaning hardful, but in nostalgic sense. Saudade relates to the Spanish extrañar, in which one feels a missing part of oneself, which can never be completely filled by the thing you can’t have or get back. The word can also be translated by the Spanish expression “echar de menos”, which would be roughly an equivalent to the Portuguese one “ter saudades”, missing something or someone. The Greek word that comes close to translating saudade is νοσταλγία (nostalgia). Nostalgia also appears in the Portuguese language as in the many of other languages with a Indo-European origin, bearing the same meaning of the Greek word “νοσταλγία”. There is yet another word that, like ’saudade’, has no immediate translation in English: λαχτάρα (lakhtara). This word encompasses sadness, longing and hope, as ’saudade’ does.

In Albanian, a direct translation of saudade is the word mall, which encompasses feelings of passionate longing, sadness, and at the same time an undefined laughter from the same source. Other variations which give different nuances to this word are: pëmallim, përmallje, etc.

The Torlak dialect of Serbian has the expression that corresponds more closely to the Japanese and Greek examples below, but can be compared to saudade in a broader sense of longing for the past. It is жал за младос(т) / žal za mlados(t) i.e. “yearning for the bygone”; since the dialect has not been standardised as a written language it has various forms. The term and the concept has been popularised in standard Serbian through short prose and plays by Vranje born fin-de-siècle writer Borisav Stanković.

One translation of “saudade” into Dutch is weemoed; a fuzzy form of nostalgia. In the Romanian language, the word dor bears a close meaning to “saudade”. It can also stand for “love” or “desire” having a derivation in the noun dorinţă and the verb dori, both of them being translated usually by “wish” and “to wish”. However, although the word dor has a complex meaning, it still does not encompass the full meaning of “saudade”. Dor is derived from the Latin dolus (”pain”), the same root as the Portuguese word dor, also meaning “pain”. In Welsh, Saudade is said to be the only exact equivalent of the Welsh hiraeth and the Cornish hireth. Esperanto borrows the word directly, changing the spelling to accommodate Esperanto grammar, as saŭdado.

The Finnish language has a word whose meaning corresponds very closely with saudade: kaiho. Kaiho means a state of involuntary solitude in which the subject feels incompleteness and yearns for something unattainable or extremely difficult and tedious to attain. Ironically, the sentiment of kaiho is central to the Finnish tango, in stark contrast to the Argentine tango, which is predominantly sensuous. There is a religious context for kaiho in Finland as well; a sect of herännäiset or körttiläiset more familiarly, has central to their faith a kaiho towards Sion, a unity of faith, and a connection with God, permeating their central book, Siionin Virret (Hymns of Sion). However, saudade does not involve tediousness. Rather, the feeling of saudade accentuates itself: the more one thinks about the loved person or object, the more one feels saudade. The feeling can even be creative, as one strives to fill in what is missing with something else or to recover it altogether.

In Korean, keurium (그리움) is probably closest to saudade. It reflects a yearning for anything that has left a deep impression in the heart – a memory, a place, a person, etc. In Japan, saudade expresses a concept similar to the Japanese word natsukashii. Although commonly translated as “dear, beloved, or sweet,” in modern conversational Japanese natsukashii can be used to express a longing for the past. It connotes both happiness for the fondness of that memory and goodness of that time, as well as sadness that it is no longer. It is an adjective for which there is no quite fitting English translation. It can also mean “sentimental,” and is a wistful emotion. The character used to write natsukashii can also be read as futokoro 懐 [ふところ] and means “bosom,” referring to the depth and intensity of this emotion that can even be experienced as a physical feeling or pang in one’s chest~ a broken heart, or a heart feeling moved.

In Armenian, “Saudade” is represented by “կարոտ” (karot) that describes the deep feeling of missing of something or somebody.

The Arabic synonym for Saudade is وجد (Wajd), a state of transparent sadness caused by the memory of a loved one who is not near, it’s widely used in ancient Arabic poetry to describe the state of the lover’s heart as he or she remembers the long gone love. It’s a mixed emotion of sadness for the loss, and happiness for having had loved that person. In Turkish, the feeling of saudade is somewhat similar to hüzün[citation needed].

In Ithkuil, the root x-ḑ is equivalent to saudade.

ter saudades da sua terra (da pátria)
to be homesick;

matar saudades
to cheer oneself by the sight of someone or something one longs for;

dê-lhe saudades minhas
remember me to him;

tenho muitas saudades dele
I long to see him, I miss him very much;

deixou muitas saudades a todos
his going away was regretted by all, everybody misses him